Search JC Economics Essays

Custom Search
Showing posts with label practical questions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label practical questions. Show all posts

Additional Economics Essay Questions (EQs) for Practice


Here are some additional economics essay questions (EQs) for practice, which hopefully will be useful, relevant, and helpful to you in your revision. In this post, you will find a list of economics questions. 

Where are these essay questions from? 

Some of these essay questions were adapted from actual or past year A level essay questions, and some were actually from various countries' revision examination papers, or general questions on the world's economies. 

What can you use these essay questions for? 

These economics essay questions will be useful for the A level Economics examination paper, or for general economics essay practice, and will cover essay questions from various regions of the world such as Singapore, China, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA). 

Practising these economics questions will allow you to apply your economics concepts and also engage with your material in an interesting and relevant way, and you can apply your critical thinking as to whether economic theories are validated in the real world, through real life economics examples. You can learn about economic perspectives  through application. 

Hopefully, for the next few posts here on JC Economics Essays, we will address (some, if not all of) these essay questions with a few suggested responses or model answers for you to think through and learn from, so that you can improve upon your essay skills and techniques for economics essay examinations. 

Good luck, and all the best! Thank you. 

***

Explain how benefits to the UK economy can arise from exchanges, arising from specialization to address the central problem of economics. [10]

In a particular year, the United Kingdom (UK) had poor harvests for grain and potatoes, major ingredients of many of foods of UK consumers and inputs for animal feed for much of Britain’s livestock. At the same time, there was a decline in the real incomes of many UK citizens, hitting lowest income earners the hardest. Through economic analysis, discuss the impact these two events are likely to have had on UK consumers and farmers. [25]

Explain why microeconomic markets might fail in the case of non-provision of public goods and where information is imperfect or asymmetric. [10]

Explain the relative importance of key sectors of the circular flow of income in determining the national income in Singapore’s case. [10]

Explain the relative importance of key sectors of the circular flow of income in determining the national income in the United States of America. [10]

There is considerable agreement over the need for governments worldwide to provide public goods for their electorates. There is less agreement, however, over the extent to which markets fail, because of imperfect information. Assess the alternative policies that are adopted by the Singapore government to correct for both these types of market failures. [15]

Explain the main determinants of actual and potential economic growth in Singapore’s context. [10]

Assess alternative real world economic policies Singapore could adopt to maintain a long run, sustained, and non-inflationary rate of economic growth in the future. [15]

Explain, with real world examples, ways in which an economy might move from a point within its production possibility curve (PPC) to a point on it. [10]

Discuss the most effective real world economic policies to move the PPC outwards. [15]

Explain with economic analysis the factors that influence the market demand and supply for a product such as mobile telephones. [12]

Explain why, according to microeconomic analysis, there are economic benefits from large scale organisations. [12]

Explain, with real world examples, why barriers to entry are a key determinant of a firm’s pricing behaviour. [10]

Discuss the extent to which the behaviour of firms depends on the actions of their rivals. [15]

Explain how a monopolist would determine the price that would maximise profits. [10]

Discuss, with relevant real world examples, whether firms actually set prices at profit-maximising levels. [25]

In the UK, railway tickets for train journeys may be obtained cheaply if bought in advance. In 2000, railway companies jointly announced that these tickets would be available only at major stations. Passengers living near smaller stations would have to pay the full cost. Explain what is price discrimination, and discuss whether this is an example of price discrimination. [25]

Discuss what advantages and disadvantages occur when large companies in the same industry co-operate with each other. [15]

Explain, with real world examples, why pollution and congestion caused by cars are likely to cause market failure. [10]

Explain, with suggested real world examples, what might happen to the United Kingdom’s national income if a newly-elected government were to reduce personal income and corporate income tax rates. [10]

In the United Kingdom (UK), the growth of retail sales in 1996 was higher than expected. As a result, it was suggested that the Chancellor should consider raising interest rates to prevent inflation. Discuss whether interest rates are likely to be an effective method of controlling inflation. [25]

Discuss, with real world economic examples, whether the growth of China’s economy would be detrimental to Singapore. [25]

Discuss, with real world economic examples, whether the recovery of  the US economy would be undoubtedly positive in its impact for Singapore. [25]

Should increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) be the only objective of a country's economic policy? Discuss the validity of this question. [25]

Explain what went wrong with the US economy during the great global financial crisis. [25]


***


JC Economics Essays - here you will find many varied samples / practice / model GCE A level economics essays, GCSE A, AS level essays, H2 Economics Essays, H3 Economics Essays for students of economics or as background reading for first year university undergraduates 

Hints and Approaches to H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice


H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice (Hints and Approaches)

Essay Questions: Quick Recap and Introduction

These are the promised Economics hints (covering Economics concepts, definitions, ideas, arguments, and logical approaches) for the Economics essay questions for practice posted in my earlier post. 

(Do please see the bottom of this page for the relevant links if you want to refer to that post.)

Suggested Economics Tutor's Hints

Q: "Protectionism is better than free trade.” Discuss. [15]

HINT: Define protectionism, and international trade. List and explain various methods of protectionism (tariffs, quotas, subsidies). Talk about gains from trade, and maybe terms of trade. Thesis argument: protectionism is better than free trade. Why? Think about the infant industry argument and other arguments you could use. Anti-thesis argument: on the other hand, free trade is beneficial. Why? Define comparative advantage, opportunity cost. Show the diagram for the small country case, demonstrating deadweight loss from tariffs. You may discuss quotas too. Discuss other reasons why trade is beneficial. Be sure to give examples from Singapore/China/USA/UK. Conclude with a justified argument – which is better, why, or are both equally important?  

Q: Explain how imperfect information can lead to market failure, using examples from Singapore. [10]

HINT: Define market failure, and imperfect information. Define merit and demerit goods also. Explain how this leads to market failure – overconsumption (in what case?) and underconsumption (in what case?). Draw and explain diagrams. Use examples from Singapore, such as healthcare (Medisave, Medishield), etc. You may bring in other areas if you wish. List other forms of market failures. Other forms of market failures are important too, such as externalities. How would you conclude?  

Q: Explain comparative advantage and why international trade is beneficial for countries. [10]

HINT: Define comparative advantage and international trade. Talk about gains from trade, and terms of trade. Free trade is beneficial. Why? Demonstrate that countries can consume outside their PPC (on the PPC is for the autarky case) when their consumption possibilities increase (the trade case has CPC); draw diagrams. Explain the diagrams. Can also show the diagram for the small country case, demonstrating deadweight loss from tariffs; argue that protectionism is bad. Define and explain protectionism briefly. Discuss other reasons why trade is beneficial. Be sure to give examples from Singapore or China/USA/UK. 

Q: Explain the likely demand and supply factors affecting the oil (petroleum) market. [10]

HINT: Define demand and supply; talk about market prices and equilibrium output and how these are determined. Factors affecting the demand for oil are: derived demand (define), substitutes and complements (define), population changes, expectations, and rising incomes. Which of these is most likely? Factors affecting the supply of oil are: cost of production, expectations on the part of producers, number of firms, and government policies on the part of OPEC producers.  Which of these is most likely? Draw the demand and supply diagram with simultaneous shifts, explain it, and conclude your essay.

Q: Explain the difference between public goods and merit goods, using examples from the United Kingdom. [10]

HINT: Define public goods and merit goods. Define market failure, and say that these are instances of market failure. Why? Public goods are non rival and non excludable – leading to P = MC = 0 and also to the free rider problem, respectively. Give UK examples. Merit goods are goods that have positive externalities or due to imperfect information are underconsumed. Give UK examples (see next question for further hints). What is the difference, based on the explanations that you have written? Which is the most important difference?

Q: Explain using economic theory why in the United Kingdom, entry to national museums and art galleries is free and tickets to the opera are subsidised. [10]

HINT: Define public good and merit goods, and define market failure. The central problem here is underconsumption. National museums and art galleries can be considered quasi-public goods or merit goods. Why (for each of the possibilities), justification? Opera can be considered a merit good. Why, justification? Talk about imperfect information and positive externalities. Talk about a paternalistic state; talk about government intervention. Conclude.

Q: Discuss how the Singapore government deals with negative externalities in Singapore. [10]

HINT: Define market failure, externalities in general, and talk about negative externalities in particular. Focus on car congestion, cigarette smoking for this paper to make it easier. Draw the negative externality diagram and explain why it is a problem. What should the government do? Either impose taxes or quotas. Define those, explain, show. For congestion in particular, talk about ERP and COE. Conclude with the limitations of government policies.

Q: Explain how fiscal policy in the USA can be used to increase the circular flow of income in the USA. [10]

HINT: Define fiscal policy, and circular flow. Draw the circular flow diagram. Explain it. When G is increased, what happens to the circular flow? When corporate taxes are lowered, what happens to I, and in turn what happens to circular flow?  I, G, X are injections, and S, T, M are withdrawals. Talk about net injections and net withdrawals, but focus on injections. Give examples from the USA. (You may also in the course of the essay, define and discuss GDP, national income, standard of living.)

JC Economics Essays - Economics Tutor's Comments: These are some suggested hints (possible approaches, possible ideas/ concepts/ logic/ economics materials) to the Economics essay questions posted earlier (with a few general instructions, ideas, and pointers/tips for students). Do remember to think through them, and see if there are other Economics ideas, concepts, and approaches that you could use in addition to those provided by Economics tutors. 

For the earlier post on JC Economics Essays' questions for practice: H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice. 

For ease of reference, here is my List of Economics Exam Questions for Practice. Note that these questions are practical, heuristic, and training questions that test fundamental Economics understanding and fundamental, basic application. Some students have kindly, and rightly, pointed out that these questions in the "List" are for training purposes, and not all are reflective of the rigour of A levels or introductory undergraduate Economics - true!  

H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice

H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice 

Introduction

Here are some Economics essay questions for students to practice, amended and adapted from past year "A" level Economics examination question papers. 

Think about these Economics questions and how you would approach these essays, what Economics materials would you use, and what diagrams would you need to answer these questions? 

For practice purposes, this set of questions posed below range from Microeconomics to Macroeconomics to international trade, but mainly focuses on Microeconomics materials. 

I will be posting hints for these questions in the next post, followed by possible answers and possible approaches to these Economics questions, to help students in their revision.

H1 and H2 A Level Economics Essay Questions for Practice 

“Protectionism is better than free trade.” Discuss. [15]

Analyse how imperfect information can lead to market failure, using examples from the United Kingdom or United States. [15]

Explain the likely demand and supply factors affecting the oil (petroleum) market. [10]

Explain how you would use GDP to measure the performance of the Chinese economy. [10]

Explain the difference between public goods and merit goods, using examples from the United Kingdom. [10] 

Explain using economic theory why in the United Kingdom, entry to national museums and art galleries is free and tickets to the opera are subsidised. [10]

Discuss how the Singapore government deal with negative externalities in Singapore. [10]

Explain how fiscal policy in the USA can be used to increase the circular flow of income in the USA. [10]

Explain comparative advantage and why trade is beneficial for countries. [10] 

“Market failure in Singapore is mainly caused by negative externalities.” Discuss. [25]

Discuss how increases in government taxes would affect the USA economy. [25] 


JC Economics Essays - In this post, I pose a few H1 and H2 A level Economics Essay Questions for students to practice; essay hints and possible sample or model Economics essays will soon be on this site. Thanks for reading and cheers!

See here for a List of Economics Exam Questions for Practice

Questions for practice – heuristic and practical questions


Questions for practice – heuristic and practical questions


“The central problem of Economics is scarcity and choice.” Is this statement true? Discuss. (25)



What is opportunity cost? How does it relate to scarcity and choice? (8)
“America is very rich and as such can afford to expand its military around the world indefinitely. We can also catch all the terrorists as we have colossal resources in our hands.” Is this statement correct? (17)


What are the concepts of opportunity cost, marginal analysis and substitutes and complements? (10)
“The price of oil is too high. Thus, no one will buy oil as it is overpriced. The world will therefore resort to using alternative sources of fuel.” Is this true?


What is the primary product problem of agricultural products? (10)
How can farmers earn more income? (15)


What are the determinants of demand? (12)
What are the determinants of supply? (13)


What are the determinants of the demand for air travel? (10)
“Let’s increase our air fleet. That will give us more business, and hence more revenues and thus profits!” Is this statement accurate? (15)


What are complements, substitutes, normal and inferior goods? Give illustrations and examples. (10)
How do the types of goods, complements and so on, affect demand? (15)


What is a price ceiling, and what is a price floor? Give illustrations and examples. (10)
“Rent control is the surest way to destroy a city apart from bombing it.” Discuss. (15)


Define and explain the concepts of price elasticity, cross price elasticity, income elasticity and supply elasticity. (10)
“Cutting price raises revenue.” Is this true? Discuss. (15)


You are a monopolist. Using the concepts of elasticities, you think that cutting price will let you increase your revenue. This is a good idea, or so you think. Your company economist tells you that this is untrue and that cutting price decreases revenue. Who is right? (25)


You are a perfectly competitive firm. Using the concept of elasticities, you think that cutting price would be a great idea. However, your friend, an economist argues that this is not a good idea. Should you believe him? Do your results differ if you were an: monopolistic competitive firm owner, a monopolist, or an oligopolist? (25)


What is the difference between a shift in demand and a change in quantity demanded? Explain the factors shifting demand. (10)
An increase in demand for football shoes will lead to an increase in price. What are the factors leading to an increase in demand for football shoes? (15)


Explain the central economic problem and illustrate demand and supply. (10)
What does advertising do to demand of a particular product? Is advertising useful? (15)


Explain the various concepts of price elasticity, cross elasticity and income elasticity. (10)
You are a small business owner, running a little shop. Why is it important to know about elasticities? (15)


What are economies of scale? Differentiate between internal economies and external economies. (10)
“Natural monopolies rely on economies of scale, they are good for consumers, therefore they should not be regulated.” Discuss. (15)


Firms usually profit-maximise. What is profit maximization? (8)
“Profit maximization is the only goal of a firm.” Is this true? (17)


What is the profit maximizing level for a perfectly competitive firm? What is the profit maximizing level for a monopolistic competitive firm? (10)
Do firms only maximize profits? (15)


What is the profit maximizing level for an oligopolistic firm? What is the profit maximizing level for a monopoly? (10)
“Firms cannot maximize profits in practice; only in theory can they maximize profits. They cannot and they will not.” Is this true? Discuss.


What is the kinked demand model of oligopoly? (10)
How can advertising help Ford overcome its rivals, GM and Toyota? (15)


What is price-discrimination? What is non-price competition?
You run a tourist souvenir shop at Bali. Do you practice price discrimination or non price competition, and why?


What is first degree price discrimination? What is second degree price discrimination? What is third degree price discrimination? (9)
“Separation of two markets is the most important factor leading to price discrimination.” Is this true? Discuss. (16)


What is allocative efficiency? What is innovation and R&D? (10)
“Monopolies are not allocatively efficient, but they have innovation and research capabilities.” Is this true? Discuss. (15)


What are the various sources of market failure? (10)
“The government should produce all public goods and all merit goods.” Is this statement accurate, from an economics point of view? (15)


What are public goods? (8)
What steps should government take to overcome market failure? (17)


What are externalities? (8)
What steps should government take to overcome market failure? (17)


What are market imperfections? Give examples. (10)
What steps should government take to overcome market failure? Is regulation the best way? (15)


“Monopolies are highly inefficient from society’s point of view.” Discuss. (10)
Taking the lead from the USA, where Microsoft was put on trial for anti-trust, monopolies should always be regulated and monitored by governments. Discuss. (15)


What is demand pull inflation? Illustrate. (10)
“High demand for goods is the only factor leading to inflation in an economy.” Is this true? (15)


What is cost-push inflation? Illustrate. (10)
“Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” Milton Friedman, the great economist, declared. Is this the only way to understand inflation? Discuss. (15)


What is structural unemployment? (8)
What can the Singapore government to overcome unemployment? (17)


What are frictional and seasonal unemployment? (8)
What can European governments do to overcome unemployment? (17)


Explain and illustrate the Keynesian multiplier effect. (10)
“Governments should always increase government spending to solve unemployment and raise the economy to the full employment level.” Discuss. (15)


What is inflation, and what is unemployment? (10)
“Governments are concerned with inflation and unemployment.” Discuss, suggesting ways in which governments can reach their macroeconomic goals. (15)


What is economic growth? Distinguish between actual and potential growth. (10)
“Increasing the labour supply, capital stock, and supporting entrepreneurship and oil exploration are the means of economic growth in the long run.” Discuss this statement. (15)


What is expansionary Keynesian fiscal policy? (10)
Expansionary fiscal policy is the only way to macro-manage the economy. Discuss. (15)


What is expansionary monetary policy? (10)
Monetary policy is the only way to macro-manage the macroeconomy. Is this remotely true? (15)


What are the various forms of protectionist measures? (10)
“Protectionism increases the current account, therefore it is good for the macroeconomy.” Is this true? (15)


What are tariffs, subsidies and quotas, in the context of protectionism? (10)
“Protectionism is terrible from an economist’s point of view – in fact, lack of international trade damages an economy.” Is this economist right? (15)


What is comparative advantage? (8)
“International trade is always better than protectionism.” Discuss. (17)


What are the various models that explain international trade? Is comparative advantage the most important theory? (25)


Economic globalization is extremely beneficial to consumers, producers, employers, and employees. Discuss. (25)


What is the classical loanable funds theory, and what is the Keynesian liquidity preference theory of interest rate determination? (10)
“Increasing the money supply is beneficial to the economy.” Discuss. (15)


What are the various models of interest rate determination? (10)
“Raising the interest rate solves inflation. Hence, raising the interest rate is a great policy to use at all times.” Discuss. (15)


What are the three main exchange rate mechanisms that determine exchange rates? (10)
“High interest rates encourage hot money to flow into an economy. Therefore, high interest rates are detrimental to an economy.” Discuss. (15)


The Singapore government is known to use a managed float exchange rate system. What are the various mechanisms of exchange rates? (10)
Why, in your own professional opinion, does the Singapore government use a managed float system and not a free float system? (15)


Monetary policy in Singapore is tightly linked to exchange rate policy. Why does Singapore use exchange rates to macro-manage its economy? (10)
“Keynesian fiscal policy (a demand side policy) and supply side policies all do not work in Singapore’s case. Singapore is really exceptional.” Discuss. (15)


What can the government do to reduce unemployment? (10)
What can the government do to increase economic growth? (15)


What are the main conflicts between different government policy aims and goals? (25)


Macroeconomics is all about trade-offs in government policy. Discuss. (25)


“Tax cuts and increasing spending alone are enough to provide impetus for economic growth.” Discuss. (25)


“Singapore should use Keynesian discretionary economics. Great stuff!” Discuss.

Evaluate the pros and cons of a floating exchange rate and a fixed exchange rate mechanism. Why does Singapore not use either? (25)


Global capital inflows and outflows are responsible for economic recessions. Discuss. (25)


Why study economics? (25)


What is the use of ceteris paribus in economics? (25)

JC ECONOMICS ESSAYS: Good luck and do try the practical questions!

Sponsored Ads

Please do NOT Plagiarise or Copy Economics Essays

It is one thing to learn how to write good economics essays from sample or model economics essays, but another thing if you plagiarise or copy. Do not copy economics essays.

First, if you are handing in an assignment online, there are checkers online which track sources (such as turnitin). Please craft assignments yourself. Second, if you are handing in a handwritten essay, if you copy, you will not learn and will thus not benefit, nor earn good grades when the real economics examination rolls round. Third, you can always write better essays given time and improvement. Fourth, copying is illegal under most conditions. Do not copy economics essays.

This is an economics site for you to learn how to write good economics essays by reading a range of useful articles on writing, study essay responses and contributions and sample/ model economics essays from students, teachers, and editors. We hope you can learn useful and relevant writing skills in the field of economics from our economics site. Thank you for reading and cheers!